Copland, Sarah. 2008. "Reading in the Blend: Collaborative
Conceptual Blending in the Silent Traveller Narratives."
Narrative, volume 16, number 2, pages 140-162.
Desagulier, Guillaume. 2005. A Cognitive Model of Variation and
Language Change Based on an Examination of Some Emerging Constructions
in Contemporary English. (See also under Dissertations.) Abstract.Dissertation.
Turner,
Mark. 2007. "Conceptual Integration" in The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics. Edited by Dirk Geeraerts
and Hubert Cuyckens. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
During the Upper Paleolithic, human beings developed an unprecedented
ability to innovate. They acquired a modern human imagination, which
gave them the ability to invent new concepts and to assemble new and
dynamic mental patterns. The results of this change were awesome: human
beings developed art, science, religion, culture, refined tool use,
and language. Our ancestors gained this superiority through the evolution
of the mental capacity for conceptual blending. Conceptual blending
has a fascinating dynamics and a crucial role in how we think and live.
It operates largely behind the scenes. Almost invisibly to consciousness,
it choreographs vast networks of conceptual meaning, yielding cognitive
products, which, at the conscious level, appear simple. Blending is
a process of conceptual mapping and integration that pervades human
thought. A mental space is a small conceptual packet assembled for purposes
of thought and action. A mental space network connects an array of mental
spaces. A conceptual integration network is a mental space network that
contains one or more "blended mental spaces." A blended mental
space is an integrated space that receives input projections from other
mental spaces in the network and develops emergent structure not available
from the inputs. Blending operates under a set of constitutive principles
and a set of governing principles. The theory of conceptual blending
has been applied in cognitive neuroscience, cognitive science, psychology,
linguistics, music theory, poetics, mathematics, divinity, semiotics,
theory of art, psychotherapy, artificial intelligence, political science,
discourse analysis, philosophy, anthropology, and the study of gesture
and of material culture.
Fauconnier and Turner. 2000. Amalgami:
Introduzione ai Network di integrazione concettuale. Urbino:
Quattroventi. [Italian version of "Conceptual Integration Networks."
Tr. Marco Casonato, Antonino Carcione, and Michele Procacci. A volume
in the series Neuroscienze cognitive e psicoterapia.]
Coulson,
Seana. 1997. "Semantic Leaps: The role of frame-shifting and conceptual
blending in meaning construction." Ph.D. dissertation, UC San Diego.
Cámara, Pereira, Francisco. A
Computational Model of Creativity. Ph.D. thesis. (pdf). (From
the introduction to the thesis: "This is the first computational
approach to Conceptual Blending [Fauconnier and Turner] that includes
all the fundamental aspects of this framework.")
Desagulier, Guillaume. 2005. A Cognitive Model of Variation and Language
Change Based on an Examination of Some Emerging Constructions in Contemporary
English. Thèse de Doctorat. Université de Bordeaux 3.
Abstract.Dissertation.
Oakley, Todd . 1995. "Ghost-brother" [and related chapters] in
"Presence: the conceptual basis of rhetorical effect." Ph.D. dissertation,
University of Maryland. "Ghost-brother" was presented at the Fifth
International Conference on the Cognitive Science of Natural Language
Processing, Dublin, 1996.
Williams,
Robert. 2005. Material
anchors and conceptual blends in time-telling. UCSD Dissertation.
"examines the image schemas, conceptual mappings, and blends
involved in time-telling and how these get constructed during time-telling
instruction, including the important role of gesture in mapping conceptual
elements to material anchors. Other chapters discuss the evolution
of time-telling and examine sources of error and changes in conceptual
understanding."
Blending and coded meaning: Literal and figurative meaning in cognitive
semantics.
Seana Coulson and Todd Oakley
Blending out of the background: Play, props and staging in the
material world. Chris Sinha.
Material anchors for conceptual blends.
Edwin Hutchins.
Mental spaces and cognitive semantics: A critical comment. Per Aage
Brandt
Primary metaphors as inputs to conceptual integration.
Joseph Grady.
Constraining conceptual integration theory: Levels of blending
and disintegration.
Carl Bache.
Blending and polarization: Cognition under pressure.
Peter Harder.
Conceptual disintegration and blending in interactional sequences:
A discussion of new phenomena, processes vs. products, and methodology.
Anders Hougaard.
Mimesis, artistic inspiration and the blends we live by.
Tim Rohrer.
Creating mathematical infinities: Metaphor, blending, and the beauty
of transfinite cardinals.
Rafael E. Núñez.
Brandt, Line & Per Aage Brandt. 2005. "Making sense of a
blend:A cognitive-semiotic approach to metaphor." Annual
Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 3, pp. 216-249.
Brandt, Line &
Per Aage Brandt. 2005. "Cognitive Poetics and Imagery."
European Journal of English Studies, volume 9, number,
pages 117-130.
Brandt,
Per Aage. In press. "Cats in Space." Acta Linguistica.
[Jakobson and Lévi-Strauss' structuralist reading of Baudelaire's
"Les Chats" is reconsidered in light of cognitive rhetoric and conceptual
blending theory.]
Bundgård, Peer
F. 1999. "Cognition and Eventstructure," Almen Semiotik 15:
78-106. [A review of conceptual integration theory.]
Burke, Michael. 2003. "Literature as Parable." In Cognitive
Poetics in Practice, eds. Gavins, J. & Steen G. London: Routledge,
pages 115-128.
Casonato, Marco M.. 2000. "Scolarette sexy: processi cognitivi
standard nella scena della perversione." Psicoterapia: clinica,
epistemologia, ricerca, 20-21, Spring. [An analysis of the role
of blending in sexual imagination and realized fantasy, including
but not restricted to "perverse" scenes.]
Casonato, Marco, Gilles Fauconnier and Mark Turner. "L’immaginazione
ed il cosiddetto 'conflitto' psichico." Annuario di Itinerari
Filosofici, volume 5 (Strutture dell'esperienza), number
3 (Mente, linguaggio, espressione). Milano: Mimesis, 2001.
Chen, Melinda. 2000.
"A Cognitive-Linguistic View of Linguistic (Human) Objectification."
A discussion of blends in objectifying human beings.
Collier, David and Stephen Levitsky. 1997. "Democracy with
Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research." World
Politics 49:3 (April), 430-451.
Copland, Sarah. 2008. "Reading in the Blend: Collaborative
Conceptual Blending in the Silent Traveller Narratives."
Narrative, volume 16, number 2, pages 140-162.
Coulson, Seana. 1995. "Analogic and metaphoric mapping in blended
spaces" Center for Research in Language Newsletter, 9,
1: 2-12.
Coulson, Seana. "Conceptual
Integration and Discourse Irony." Beyond Babel: 18th Annual Conference
of the Western Humanities Alliance. San Diego, October 1999.
Csabi, Szilvia. 1997. "The Concept of America in the Puritan
Mind." Paper to be presented at the 5th Conference of the International
Cognitive Linguistics Association, Amsterdam, July 14-19, 1997.
Evans, Vyvyan. (Website) 1999. "The Cognitive Model
for Time." Beyond Babel: 18th Annual Conference of the Western Humanities
Alliance. San Diego, October.
Fauconnier, Gilles. 2001. "Conceptual blending and analogy."
In Gentner, Dedre, Keith Holyoak, and Boicho Kokinov, editors. 2001.
The analogical mind: Perspectives from cognitive science.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Pages 255-286.
Fauconnier, Gilles.
2000. "Methods and Generalizations." In T. Janssen and G. Redeker,
editors, Cognitive Linguistics: Foundations, Scope, and Methodology.
The Hague: Mouton De Gruyter. Pages 95-127. [Cognitive Linguistics
Research Series]
Fauconnier, Gilles.
2000. "Conceptual Integration and Analogy." In Gentner, D., Holyoak,
K. J., & Kokinov, B. N., editors, The analogical mind: Perspectives
from cognitive science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Fauconnier and Turner.
1996. "Blending as a Central Process of Grammar" in Conceptual
Structure, Discourse, and Language. Edited by Adele Goldberg.
Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI),
113-130 [distributed by Cambridge University Press]. Expanded web version. Pdf
version. [A Polish translation appears in Jezykoznawstwo
kognitywne II: Zjawiska pragmatyczne (Cognitive Linguistics
II: Pragmatic Phenomena). Edited by Wojciech Kubinski and Danuta
Stanulewicz. Gdansk, Poland: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdanskiego
(University of Gdansk Press), 2000.]
Fauconnier and Turner.
1998. "Principles of Conceptual Integration." Discourse and
Cognition. Edited by Jean-Pierre Koenig. Stanford: Center for
the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), 269-283 [distributed
by Cambridge University Press].
Fauconnier and Turner.
1999.
"Metonymy and Conceptual Integration." In Metonymy in Language
and Thought. Edited by Klaus-Uwe Panther and Günter Radden.
Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Pages 77-90. [A volume in the series
Human Cognitive Processing].
Fauconnier and Turner. 2003.
"Polysemy and Conceptual Blending." In Polysemy: Flexible
Patterns of Meaning in Mind and Language. Edited by Brigitte
Nerlich, Vimala Herman, Zazie Todd, and David Clarke. John Benjamins.
Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pages 79-94. A volume
in the series Trends in Linguistics.
Fauconnier and Turner.
"Compression and Global Insight." Cognitive Linguistics.
11:3-4 (2000). Pages 283-304
Fludernik, Monika,
Donald Freeman, and Margaret Freeman. 1999. "Metaphor and Beyond:
An Introduction." Poetics Today. 20:3, 383-396.
Forceville, Charles.
"Blends and metaphors in multimodal representations." 7th International
Cognitive Linguistics Conference, July 2001.
Freeman, Donald. 1999.
"'Speak of me as I am': The Blended Space of Shakespeare's Othello."
Beyond Babel: 18th Annual Conference of the Western Humanities Alliance.
San Diego, October.
Freeman, Margaret.
2008. “Reading Readers Reading a Poem: From Conceptual to
Cognitive Integration.” Cognitive
Semiotics, 2.
Freeman, Margaret. 1997. "Grounded spaces: Deictic -self anaphors
in the poetry of Emily Dickinson," Language and Literature,
6:1, 7-28. [Contains a blended space analysis of Dickinson's "Me
from Myself - to banish -"]
Freeman, Margaret.
1999. "Sound Echoing Sense: The Evocation of Emotion through Sound
in Conceptual Mapping Integration of Cognitive Processes." Beyond
Babel: 18th Annual Conference of the Western Humanities Alliance.
Sixth International Cognitive Linguistics Conference. San Diego,
October.
Goguen,
Joseph. 1999. "An Introduction to Algebraic Semiotics, with Application
to User Interface Design." In Computation
for Metaphor, Analogy, and Agents. Edited by Chrystopher
Nehaniv. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pages 242-291. A volume in the
series Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence. ["This paper
introduces a new approach to user interface design and other areas,
called algebraic semiotics. . . . One important mode of composition
is blending . . .; we relate this to certain concepts from
the very abstract area of mathematics called category theory."]
- "Style as Choice of Blending Principles," by Joseph
Goguen and Fox Harrell.
- "Foundations for Active Multimedia Narrative: Semiotic spaces
and structural blending," by Joseph Goguen and Fox Harrell.
- "Steps towards a Design Theory for Virtual Worlds,"
by Joseph Goguen.
- "Semiotic Morphisms, Representations, and Blending for User
Interface Design," by Joseph Goguen..
- "Information Visualization and Semiotic Morphisms,"
by Joseph Goguen and Fox Harrell.
- "An Introduction to Algebraic Semiotics, with Applications
to User Interface Design," by Joseph Goguen.
Grady, Joseph., Todd
Oakley, and Seana Coulson. 1999. "Conceptual
Blending and Metaphor." In Metaphor in cognitive linguistics,
edited by Steen, G., & Gibbs, R. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John
Benjamins.
Gréa, M. Philippe. "La théorie de l’intégration
conceptuelle appliquée à la métaphore et la
métaphore filée." Dissertation.
Grush, Rick and Nili
Mandelblit. 1997. "Blending in language, conceptual structure, and
the cerebral cortex." pdf
version.The Roman Jakobson Centennial Symposium: International
Journal of Linguistics Acta Linguistica Hafniensia Volume 29:221-237.
Per Aage Brandt, Frans Gregersen, Frederik Stjernfelt, and Martin
Skov, editors. C.A. Reitzel: Copenhagen.
Grygiel, Marcin. 2004. “Semantic
change as a process of conceptual blending.” In F. J.
Ruiz de Mendoza, editor, Annual Review of Cognitive Linguistics
2, 285-304, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benja.mins Publishing Company.
Herman, Vimala . 1999. "Deictic Projection and Conceptual Blending
in Epistolarity." Poetics Today. 20:3, 523-542.
Hiles, John. 2003.
"Integrated Asymmetric Goal Organization (IAGO): A Multiagent Model
of Conceptual Blending." White Paper, Naval Postgraduate School.
Hiraga, Masako . 1999. "Blending and an interpretation of Haiku."
Poetics Today. 20:3, 461-482.
Hiraga, Masako. 1999.
"Rough Sea and the Milky Way: 'Blending' in a Haiku Text."
In Computation for Metaphor, Analogy, and Agents. Edited
by Chrystopher Nehaniv. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pages 27-36. A
volume in the series Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.
Hofstadter, Douglas .1999. "Human Cognition as a Blur of Analogy
and Blending." Beyond Babel: 18th Annual Conference of the Western
Humanities Alliance. San Diego, October. [Hofstadter discusses frame
blends and "frame blurs" in Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies
and Le Ton beau de Marot, both published by Basic Books.
Douglas Hofstadter and David Moser analyze formal blending in "To
Err is Human: To Study Error-Making is Cognitive Science." Michigan
Quarterly Review, 28:2 (Spring 1989) 185-215. Hofstadter deals
in some detail with these topics in unpublished manuscripts.]
Holder, Barbara and
Seana Coulson. 2000. "Hints on How to Drink from a Fire Hose: Conceptual
Blending in the Wild Blue Yonder." Fifth Conference on Conceptual
Structure, Discourse, and Language. Santa Barbara, May 11-14.
Kim, Esther. 2000.
"Analogy as Discourse Process." Includes discussion of blending
in discourse.
Krauss, Kristin. 2005. "Tacit Design Issues Regarding the Use
of Visual Aesthetics for Web Page Design." Alternation
12, 2, pages 92-131. ["conceptual blending explains how multi-disciplinary
projects such as web page design take shape"]
Lakoff, George and
Rafael E. Núñez. 1997. "The Metaphorical Structure
of Mathematics: Sketching Out Cognitive Foundations For a Mind-Based
Mathematics." In Lyn English, editor, Mathematical Reasoning:
Analogies,Metaphors, and Images. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Analyzes
blending in the invention of various mathematical structures.
Lee, Mark and John
Barnden. 2000. "Metaphor, Pretence, and Counterfactuals." Includes
discussion of blending in counterfactuals. Fifth Conference on Conceptual
Structure, Discourse, and Language. Santa Barbara, May 11-14.
Liddell, Scott K.
1998. "Grounded blends, gestures, and conceptual shifts." Cognitive
Linguistics, 9.
Liddell, Scott K. 2000. Blended spaces and deixis in sign language
discourse. In David McNeill, editor, Language and gesture.
Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 331-357.
Maglio, Paul P. and
Teenie Matlock. 1999. "The Conceptual Structure of Information Space"
in Munro, A., Benyon, D., and Hook, K., editors, Personal and
Social Navigation of Information Space. Springer-Verlag. [Includes
a section, "Conceptual Blends in Information Space."]
Mandelblit, Nili.
1996. "Formal and Conceptual Blending in the Hebrew Verbal System:
A Cognitive Basis For Morphological Verbal Pattern Alternations."
Unpublished manuscript.
Mandelblit, Nili.
1995. "Beyond Lexical Semantics: Mapping and Blending of Conceptual
and Linguistic Structures in Machine Translation." In Proceedings
of the Fourth International Conference on the Cognitive Science
of Natural Language Processing, Dublin, 1995.
Mandelblit, Nili &
Gilles Fauconnier. 2000. "Underspecificity in Grammatical Blends
as a Source for Constructional Ambiguity." In A. Foolen and F. van
der Leek, editors, Constructions. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Olive, Esther Pascual.
"Why bother to ask rhetorical questions (if they are already answered)?:
A conceptual blending account of argumentation in legal settings."
7th International Cognitive Linguistics Conference, July 2001.
Parrill, Fey & Eve Sweetser. 2004. What we mean by meaning.
Gesture 4:2, 197-219.
Ramey, Lauri. 2002. "The
Theology of the Lyric Tradition in African American Spirituals."
Journal of the American Academy of Religion 70:2 (Oxford
University Press, June 2002), 347-363. This article demonstrates
how the slaves were able to achieve a high level of conceptual freedom
and spiritual self-determination in the spirituals as a liberating
response to the constraints of their existence through the use of
creative blends.
Ramey, Lauri. 2005. "'It Noh Funny': Humor in Contemporary
Black British Poetry." MLA (Washington, D.C.) To bepublished
in Dictionary of Literary Biography: Contemporary Black British
Writers, ed. R. Victoria Arana (Bruccoli, Clark, Layman Publishers,
2007).
Ramey, Lauri. 1996. "The Poetics of Resistance: A Critical Introduction
to Michael Palmer." University of Chicago, Ph.D. dissertation. [See
especially chapter four.]
Ramey, Lauri. 1998. "'His Story's Impossible to Read': Creative
Blends in Michael Palmer's Books Against Understanding." Twentieth
Century Literature Conference. University of Louisville. Louisville,
Kentucky, February 1998.
Ramey, Lauri. 1997. "A Film Is/Is Not A Novel: Blended Spaces
in Sense and Sensibility." Popular Culture Association/American
Culture Association in the South Conference. Columbia, South Carolina,
October 1997.
Ramey, Lauri. 1997. "What n'er was Thought and cannot be Expres't:
Michael Palmer and Postmodern Allusion." Ninth Annual Conference
on Linguistics and Literature, University of North Texas, Denton,
February 1997.
Ramey, Lauri. 1995. "Blended Spaces in Thurber and Welty."
Marian College Humanities Series, Marian, Wisconsin, February 1995.
Ramey, Martin . 1997. "Eschatology and Ethics," chapter four
of "The Problem Of The Body: The Conflict Between Soteriology and
Ethics In Paul." Doctoral dissertation, Chicago Theological Seminary.
Contains a discussion of blending in 1 Thessalonians.
Récanati, François . "Le présent épistolaire:
une perspective cognitive." L'information grammaticale, 66,
juin 1995, 38-45. Récanati applies the earliest work on blended
spaces to problems of tense. He translates "blended space" as "espace
mixte."
Robert, Adrian . 1998. "Blending in the interpretation of mathematical
proofs." Discourse and Cognition.. Edited by Jean-Pierre
Koenig. Stanford: Center for the Study of Language and Information
(CSLI) [distributed by Cambridge University Press].
Sondergaard, Morten . "Blended Spaces in Contemporary Art."
Beyond Babel: 18th Annual Conference of the Western Humanities Alliance.
San Diego, October 1999.
Sun, Douglas . 1994. "Thurber's Fables for our Time: A Case
Study in Satirical Use of the Great Chain Metaphor." Studies
in American Humor, new series volume 3, number 1 (1994), pages
51-61.
Sweetser, Eve. 2006. Whose
Rhyme is Whose Reason? Sound and Sense in Cyrano de Bergerac.
Language and Literature 15(1): 29-54.
Sweetser, Eve. 1999.
"Compositionality and blending: semantic composition in a cognitively
realistic framework" in Janssen, Theo and Gisela Redeker, editors.
Cognitive Linguistics: Foundations, Scope, and Methodology.
Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pages 129-162.
Sweetser, Eve and
Barbara Dancygier. "Semantic overlap and space-blending." Sixth
International Cognitive Linguistics Conference. Stockholm, July
1999.
Tenuta de Azevedo, Adriana Maria. 2006. Estrutura Narrativa
& Espaços Mentais. Belo Horizonte: Faculdade de
Letras da UFMG.
Teuscher, Christof.
Amorphous Membrane Blending: Novel and unconventional biologically-inspired
computing machines. Ph.D. dissertation, Logic Systems Laboratory,
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. 2003.
Tobin, Vera. "Texts that pretend to be talk: Frame-shifting and
frame-blending across frames of utterance in Mystery Science Theater
3000." 7th International Cognitive Linguistics Conference, July
2001.
Turner, Mark. 2007. "Conceptual Integration" in The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics. Edited by Dirk Geeraerts
and Hubert Cuyckens. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Turner, Mark . 1996. "Conceptual Blending and Counterfactual
Argument in the Social and Behavioral Sciences," in Philip Tetlock
and Aaron Belkin, editors, Counterfactual Thought Experiments in World Politics.
Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. pages 291-295.
Turner and Fauconnier.
1999. "Miscele e metafore." Pluriverso: Biblioteca delle idee
per la civiltà planetaria 3:3 (September 1999), 92-106.
[Translation by Anna Maria Thornton.]
Turner and Fauconnier.
1998. "Conceptual Integration in counterfactuals." Discourse
and Cognition. Edited by Jean-Pierre Koenig. Stanford: Center
for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), 285-296 [distributed
by Cambridge University Press].
Turner and Fauconnier.
2000. "Metaphor, Metonymy, and Binding."
In Metonymy and Metaphor at the Crossroads. Edited by Antonio
Barcelona. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Pages 133-145.
A volume in the series Topics in English Linguistics.
Veale, Tony. 1999.
"Pragmatic Forces in Metaphor Use: The Mechanics of Blend Recruitment
in Visual Metaphors." In Computation
for Metaphor, Analogy, and Agents. Edited by Chrystopher
Nehaniv. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pages 37-51. A volume in the series
Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.
Veale, Tony . 1996 manuscript.
Pastiche: A Metaphor-centred Computational Model of Conceptual
Blending, with special reference to Cinematic Borrowing.
Vorobyova, Olga. "Conceptual
blending in narrative suspense: Making the pain of anxiety sweet."
7th International Cognitive Linguistics Conference, July 2001.
There is also work
in progress on blending in ASL (Scott Liddell), blending with material
anchors (Ed Hutchins), and blending in impersonal SE constructions
(Ricardo Maldonado). Joseph
Goguen and his students have devised an interesting mathematical
approach to integration operations, using algebra of categories
(See The Semiotic
Zoo), and there is some modeling being done (ICSI, and Nanterre).
The Metaphor Center provides other papers on blending, including
Ed Heil's thesis on blending in Ovid and
Tim Rohrer 's work on blending and the information superhighway.
Imaz, Manuel and David Benyon. 2007. 
Oakley, Todd & Anders Hougaard, editors. 2008. 
Ramey, Lauri. 2008. 
Turner,
Mark. 2008. "The Way We Imagine." In Ilona Roth, editor,